Azure Data Lake Gen2

This page describes the usage of the Stream Reactor Azure Datalake Gen 2 Sink Connector.

This Kafka Connect sink connector facilitates the seamless transfer of records from Kafka to Azure Data Lake Buckets. It offers robust support for various data formats, including AVRO, Parquet, JSON, CSV, and Text, making it a versatile choice for data storage. Additionally, it ensures the reliability of data transfer with built-in support for exactly-once semantics.

Connector Class

io.lenses.streamreactor.connect.datalake.sink.DatalakeSinkConnector

Example

For more examples see the tutorials.

connector.class=io.lenses.streamreactor.connect.datalake.sink.DatalakeSinkConnector
connect.datalake.kcql=insert into lensesio:demo select * from demo PARTITIONBY _value.metadata_id, _value.customer_id, _header.ts, _header.wallclock STOREAS `JSON` PROPERTIES('flush.interval'=600, 'flush.size'=1000000, 'flush.count'=5000)
topics=demo
name=demo
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
transforms=insertFormattedTs,insertWallclock
transforms.insertFormattedTs.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.TimestampConverter
transforms.insertFormattedTs.header.name=ts
transforms.insertFormattedTs.field=timestamp
transforms.insertFormattedTs.target.type=string
transforms.insertFormattedTs.format.to.pattern=yyyy-MM-dd-HH
transforms.insertWallclock.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.InsertWallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.header.name=wallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.value.type=format
transforms.insertWallclock.format=yyyy-MM-dd-HH
topics=demo
name=demo
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
transforms=insertFormattedTs,insertWallclock
transforms.insertFormattedTs.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.TimestampConverter
transforms.insertFormattedTs.header.name=ts
transforms.insertFormattedTs.field=timestamp
transforms.insertFormattedTs.target.type=string
transforms.insertFormattedTs.format.to.pattern=yyyy-MM-dd-HH
transforms.insertWallclock.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.InsertWallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.header.name=wallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.value.type=format
transforms.insertWallclock.format=yyyy-MM-dd-HH

KCQL Support

You can specify multiple KCQL statements separated by ; to have a connector sink multiple topics. The connector properties topics or topics.regex are required to be set to a value that matches the KCQL statements.

The connector uses KCQL to map topics to Datalake buckets and paths. The full KCQL syntax is:

INSERT INTO bucketAddress[:pathPrefix]
SELECT *
FROM kafka-topic
[[PARTITIONBY (partition[, partition] ...)] | NOPARTITION]
[STOREAS storage_format]
[PROPERTIES(
  'property.1'=x,
  'property.2'=x,
)]

Please note that you can employ escaping within KCQL for the INSERT INTO, SELECT * FROM, and PARTITIONBY clauses when necessary. For example, an incoming Kafka message stored as JSON can use fields containing .:

{
  ...
  "a.b": "value",
  ...
}

In this case, you can use the following KCQL statement:

INSERT INTO `container-name`:`prefix` SELECT * FROM `kafka-topic` PARTITIONBY `a.b`

Target Bucket and Path

The target bucket and path are specified in the INSERT INTO clause. The path is optional and if not specified, the connector will write to the root of the bucket and append the topic name to the path.

Here are a few examples:

INSERT INTO testcontainer:pathToWriteTo SELECT * FROM topicA;
INSERT INTO testcontainer SELECT * FROM topicA;
INSERT INTO testcontainer:path/To/Write/To SELECT * FROM topicA PARTITIONBY fieldA;

SQL Projection

Currently, the connector does not offer support for SQL projection; consequently, anything other than a SELECT * query is disregarded. The connector will faithfully write all fields from Kafka exactly as they are.

Source Topic

The source topic is defined within the FROM clause. To avoid runtime errors, it’s crucial to configure either the topics or topics.regex property in the connector and ensure proper mapping to the KCQL statements.

Set the FROM clause to *. This will auto map the topic as a partition.

KCQL Properties

The PROPERTIES clause is optional and adds a layer of configuration to the connector. It enhances versatility by permitting the application of multiple configurations (delimited by ‘,’). The following properties are supported:

Name	Description	Type	Available Values	Default Value
padding.type	Specifies the type of padding to be applied.	LeftPad, RightPad, NoOp	LeftPad, RightPad, NoOp	LeftPad
padding.char	Defines the character used for padding.	Char		‘0’
padding.length.partition	Sets the padding length for the partition.	Int		0
padding.length.offset	Sets the padding length for the offset.	Int		12
partition.include.keys	Specifies whether partition keys are included.	Boolean		false Default (Custom Partitioning): true
store.envelope	Indicates whether to store the entire Kafka message	Boolean
store.envelope.fields.key	Indicates whether to store the envelope’s key.	Boolean
store.envelope.fields.headers	Indicates whether to store the envelope’s headers.	Boolean
store.envelope.fields.value	Indicates whether to store the envelope’s value.	Boolean
store.envelope.fields..metadata	Indicates whether to store the envelope’s metadata.	Boolean
flush.size	Specifies the size (in bytes) for the flush operation.	Long		500000000 (500MB)
flush.count	Specifies the number of records for the flush operation.	Int		50000
flush.interval	Specifies the interval (in seconds) for the flush operation.	Long		3600 (1 hour)

The sink connector optimizes performance by padding the output files, a practice that proves beneficial when using the Datalake Source connector to restore data. This file padding ensures that files are ordered lexicographically, allowing the Datalake Source connector to skip the need for reading, sorting, and processing all files, thereby enhancing efficiency.

Partitioning & File names

The object key serves as the filename used to store data in Datalake. There are two options for configuring the object key:

• Default: The object key is automatically generated by the connector and follows the Kafka topic-partition structure. The format is $container/[$prefix]/$topic/$partition/offset.extension. The extension is determined by the chosen storage format.

• Custom: The object key is driven by the PARTITIONBY clause. The format is either $container/[$prefix]/$topic/customKey1=customValue1/customKey2=customValue2/topic(partition_offset).extension (naming style mimicking Hive-like data partitioning) or $container/[$prefix]/customValue/topic(partition_offset).ext. The extension is determined by the selected storage format.

The Connector automatically adds the topic name to the partition. There is no need to add it to the partition clause. If you want to explicitly add the topic or partition you can do so by using __topic and __partition.

The partition clause works on header, key and values fields of the Kafka message.

Custom keys and values can be extracted from the Kafka message key, message value, or message headers, as long as the headers are of types that can be converted to strings. There is no fixed limit to the number of elements that can form the object key, but you should be aware of Azure Datalake key length restrictions.

To extract fields from the message values, simply use the field names in the PARTITIONBY clause. For example:

PARTITIONBY fieldA, fieldB

However, note that the message fields must be of primitive types (e.g., string, int, long) to be used for partitioning.

You can also use the entire message key as long as it can be coerced into a primitive type:

PARTITIONBY _key

In cases where the Kafka message Key is not a primitive but a complex object, you can use individual fields within the message Key to create the Datalake object key name:

PARTITIONBY _key.fieldA, _key.fieldB

Kafka message headers can also be used in the Datalake object key definition, provided the header values are of primitive types easily convertible to strings:

PARTITIONBY _header.<header_key1>[, _header.<header_key2>]

Customizing the object key can leverage various components of the Kafka message. For example:

PARTITIONBY fieldA, _key.fieldB, _headers.fieldC

This flexibility allows you to tailor the object key to your specific needs, extracting meaningful information from Kafka messages to structure Datalake object keys effectively.

To enable Athena-like partitioning, use the following syn

INSERT INTO $container[:$prefix]
SELECT * FROM $topic
PARTITIONBY fieldA, _key.fieldB, _headers.fieldC
STOREAS `AVRO`
PROPERTIES (
    'partition.include.keys'=true,
)

Rolling Windows

Storing data in Azure Datalake and partitioning it by time is a common practice in data management. For instance, you may want to organize your Datalake data in hourly intervals. This partitioning can be seamlessly achieved using the PARTITIONBY clause in combination with specifying the relevant time field. However, it’s worth noting that the time field typically doesn’t adjust automatically.

To address this, we offer a Kafka Connect Single Message Transformer (SMT) designed to streamline this process. You can find the transformer plugin and documentation here.

Let’s consider an example where you need the object key to include the wallclock time (the time when the message was processed) and create an hourly window based on a field called timestamp. Here’s the connector configuration to achieve this:

connector.class=io.lenses.streamreactor.connect.azure.datalake.sink.DatalakeSinkConnector
connect.datalake.kcql=insert into lensesio:demo select * from demo PARTITIONBY _value.metadata_id, _value.customer_id, _header.ts, _header.wallclock STOREAS `JSON` PROPERTIES('flush.interval'=30, 'flush.size'=1000000, 'flush.count'=5000)
topics=demo
name=demo
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
transforms=insertFormattedTs,insertWallclock
transforms.insertFormattedTs.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.TimestampConverter
transforms.insertFormattedTs.header.name=ts
transforms.insertFormattedTs.field=timestamp
transforms.insertFormattedTs.target.type=string
transforms.insertFormattedTs.format.to.pattern=yyyy-MM-dd-HH
transforms.insertWallclock.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.InsertWallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.header.name=wallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.value.type=format
transforms.insertWallclock.format=yyyy-MM-dd-HH
topics=demo
name=demo
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
transforms=insertFormattedTs,insertWallclock
transforms.insertFormattedTs.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.TimestampConverter
transforms.insertFormattedTs.header.name=ts
transforms.insertFormattedTs.field=timestamp
transforms.insertFormattedTs.target.type=string
transforms.insertFormattedTs.format.to.pattern=yyyy-MM-dd-HH
transforms.insertWallclock.type=io.lenses.connect.smt.header.InsertWallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.header.name=wallclock
transforms.insertWallclock.value.type=format
transforms.insertWallclock.format=yyyy-MM-dd-HH

In this example, the incoming Kafka message’s Value content includes a field called timestamp, represented as a long value indicating the epoch time in milliseconds. The TimestampConverter SMT will expertly convert this into a string value according to the format specified in the format.to.pattern property. Additionally, the insertWallclock SMT will incorporate the current wallclock time in the format you specify in the format property.

The PARTITIONBY clause then leverages both the timestamp field and the wallclock header to craft the object key, providing you with precise control over data partitioning.

Data Storage Format

While the STOREAS clause is optional, it plays a pivotal role in determining the storage format within Azure Datalake. It’s crucial to understand that this format is entirely independent of the data format stored in Kafka. The connector maintains its neutrality towards the storage format at the topic level and relies on the key.converter and value.converter settings to interpret the data.

Supported storage formats encompass:

• AVRO

• Parquet

• JSON

• CSV (including headers)

• Text

• BYTES

Opting for BYTES ensures that each record is stored in its own separate file. This feature proves particularly valuable for scenarios involving the storage of images or other binary data in Datalake. For cases where you prefer to consolidate multiple records into a single binary file, AVRO or Parquet are the recommended choices.

By default, the connector exclusively stores the Kafka message value. However, you can expand storage to encompass the entire message, including the key, headers, and metadata, by configuring the store.envelope property as true. This property operates as a boolean switch, with the default value being false. When the envelope is enabled, the data structure follows this format:

{
  "key": <the message Key, which can be a primitive or a complex object>,
  "value": <the message Key, which can be a primitive or a complex object>,
  "headers": {
    "header1": "value1",
    "header2": "value2"
  },
  "metadata": {
    "offset": 0,
    "partition": 0,
    "timestamp": 0,
    "topic": "topic"
  }
}

Utilizing the envelope is particularly advantageous in scenarios such as backup and restore or replication, where comprehensive storage of the entire message in Datalake is desired.

Examples

Storing the message Value Avro data as Parquet in Datalake:

...
connect.datalake.kcql=INSERT INTO lensesioazure:car_speed SELECT * FROM car_speed_events STOREAS `PARQUET` 
value.converter=io.confluent.connect.avro.AvroConverter
value.converter.schema.registry.url=http://localhost:8081
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
...

The converter also facilitates seamless JSON to AVRO/Parquet conversion, eliminating the need for an additional processing step before the data is stored in Datalake.

...
connect.datalake.kcql=INSERT INTO lensesioazure:car_speed SELECT * FROM car_speed_events STOREAS `PARQUET` 
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
...

Enabling the full message stored as JSON in Datalake:

  ...
  connect.datalake.kcql=INSERT INTO lensesioazure:car_speed SELECT * FROM car_speed_events STOREAS `JSON` PROPERTIES('store.envelope'=true)
  value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.json.JsonConverter
  key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
  ...

Enabling the full message stored as AVRO in Datalake:

...
connect.datalake.kcql=INSERT INTO lensesioazure:car_speed SELECT * FROM car_speed_events STOREAS `AVRO` PROPERTIES('store.envelope'=true)
value.converter=io.confluent.connect.avro.AvroConverter
value.converter.schema.registry.url=http://localhost:8081
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.storage.StringConverter
...

If the restore (see the Datalake Source documentation) happens on the same cluster, then the most performant way is to use the ByteConverter for both Key and Value and store as AVRO or Parquet:

...
connect.datalake.kcql=INSERT INTO lensesioazure:car_speed SELECT * FROM car_speed_events STOREAS `AVRO` PROPERTIES('store.envelope'=true)
value.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.converters.ByteArrayConverter
key.converter=org.apache.kafka.connect.converters.ByteArrayConverter
...

Flush Options

The connector offers three distinct flush options for data management:

• Flush by Count - triggers a file flush after a specified number of records have been written to it.

• Flush by Size - initiates a file flush once a predetermined size (in bytes) has been attained.

• Flush by Interval - enforces a file flush after a defined time interval (in seconds).

It’s worth noting that the interval flush is a continuous process that acts as a fail-safe mechanism, ensuring that files are periodically flushed, even if the other flush options are not configured or haven’t reached their thresholds.

Consider a scenario where the flush size is set to 10MB, and only 9.8MB of data has been written to the file, with no new Kafka messages arriving for an extended period of 6 hours. To prevent undue delays, the interval flush guarantees that the file is flushed after the specified time interval has elapsed. This ensures the timely management of data even in situations where other flush conditions are not met.

The flush options are configured using the flush.count, flush.size, and flush.interval KCQL Properties (see KCQL Properties section). The settings are optional and if not specified the defaults are:

• flush.count = 50_000

• flush.size = 500000000 (500MB)

• flush.interval = 3600 (1 hour)

A connector instance can simultaneously operate on multiple topic partitions. When one partition triggers a flush, it will initiate a flush operation for all of them, even if the other partitions are not yet ready to flush.

Flushing By Interval

The next flush time is calculated based on the time the previous flush completed (the last modified time of the file written to Data Lake). Therefore, by design, the sink connector’s behaviour will have a slight drift based on the time it takes to flush records and whether records are present or not. If Kafka Connect makes no calls to put records, the logic for flushing won't be executed. This ensures a more consistent number of records per file.

sink commit.png

AVRO and Parquet Compression

AVRO and Parquet offer the capability to compress files as they are written. The Datalake Sink connector provides advanced users with the flexibility to configure compression options. Here are the available options for the connect.datalake.compression.codec, along with indications of their support by Avro and Parquet writers:

Compression	Avro Support	Avro (requires Level)	Parquet Support
UNCOMPRESSED	✅		✅
SNAPPY	✅		✅
GZIP			✅
LZ0			✅
LZ4			✅
BROTLI			✅
BZIP2	✅
ZSTD	✅	⚙️	✅
DEFLATE	✅	⚙️
XZ	✅	⚙️

Please note that not all compression libraries are bundled with the Datalake connector. Therefore, you may need to manually add certain libraries to the classpath to ensure they function correctly.

Authentication

The connector offers two distinct authentication modes:

• Default: This mode relies on the default Azure authentication chain, simplifying the authentication process.

• Connection String: This mode enables simpler configuration by relying on the connection string to authenticate with Azure.

• Credentials: In this mode, explicit configuration of Azure Access Key and Secret Key is required for authentication.

When selecting the “Credentials” mode, it is essential to provide the necessary access key and secret key properties. Alternatively, if you prefer not to configure these properties explicitly, the connector will follow the credentials retrieval order as described here.

Here’s an example configuration for the “Credentials” mode:

...
connect.datalake.azure.auth.mode=Credentials
connect.datalake.azure.account.name=$AZURE_ACCOUNT_NAME
connect.datalake.azure.account.key=$AZURE_ACCOUNT_KEY
...

And here is an example configuration using the “Connection String” mode:

...
connect.datalake.azure.auth.mode=ConnectionString
connect.datalake.azure.connection.string=$AZURE_CONNECTION_STRING
...

For enhanced security and flexibility when using either the “Credentials” or “Connection String” modes, it is highly advisable to utilize Connect Secret Providers.

Error policies

The connector supports Error policies.

Indexes Directory

The connector uses the concept of index files that it writes to in order to store information about the latest offsets for Kafka topics and partitions as they are being processed. This allows the connector to quickly resume from the correct position when restarting and provides flexibility in naming the index files.

By default, the root directory for these index files is named .indexes for all connectors. However, each connector will create and store its index files within its own subdirectory inside this .indexes directory.

You can configure the root directory for these index files using the property connect.datalake.indexes.name. This property specifies the path from the root of the data lake filesystem. Note that even if you configure this property, the connector will still create a subdirectory within the specified root directory.

Examples

Index Name (connect.datalake.indexes.name)	Resulting Indexes Directory Structure	Description
.indexes (default)	.indexes/<connector_name>/	The default setup, where each connector uses its own subdirectory within .indexes.
custom-indexes	custom-indexes/<connector_name>/	Custom root directory custom-indexes, with a subdirectory for each connector.
indexes/datalake-connector-logs	indexes/datalake-connector-logs/<connector_name>/	Uses a custom subdirectory datalake-connector-logs within indexes, with a subdirectory for each connector.
logs/indexes	logs/indexes/<connector_name>/	Indexes are stored under logs/indexes, with a subdirectory for each connector.

Option Reference

Name	Description	Type	Available Values	Default Value
connect.datalake.azure.auth.mode	Specifies the Azure authentication mode for connecting to Datalake.	string	“Credentials”, “ConnectionString” or “Default”	“Default”
connect.datalake.azure.account.key	The Azure Account Key used for authentication.	string		(Empty)
connect.datalake.azure.account.name	The Azure Account Name used for authentication.	string		(Empty)
connect.datalake.pool.max.connections	Specifies the maximum number of connections allowed in the Azure Client’s HTTP connection pool when interacting with Datalake.	int	-1 (undefined)	50
connect.datalake.endpoint	Datalake endpoint URL.	string		(Empty)
connect.datalake.error.policy	Defines the error handling policy when errors occur during data transfer to or from Datalake.	string	“NOOP,” “THROW,” “RETRY”	“THROW”
connect.datalake.max.retries	Sets the maximum number of retries the connector will attempt before reporting an error to the Connect Framework.	int		20
connect.datalake.retry.interval	Specifies the interval (in milliseconds) between retry attempts by the connector.	int		60000
connect.datalake.http.max.retries	Sets the maximum number of retries for the underlying HTTP client when interacting with Datalake.	long		5
connect.datalake.http.retry.interval	Specifies the retry interval (in milliseconds) for the underlying HTTP client. An exponential backoff strategy is employed.	long		50
connect.datalake.local.tmp.directory	Enables the use of a local folder as a staging area for data transfer operations.	string		(Empty)
connect.datalake.kcql	A SQL-like configuration that defines the behavior of the connector. Refer to the KCQL section below for details.	string		(Empty)
connect.datalake.compression.codec	Sets the Parquet compression codec to be used when writing data to Datalake.	string	“UNCOMPRESSED,” “SNAPPY,” “GZIP,” “LZ0,” “LZ4,” “BROTLI,” “BZIP2,” “ZSTD,” “DEFLATE,” “XZ”	“UNCOMPRESSED”
connect.datalake.compression.level	Sets the compression level when compression is enabled for data transfer to Datalake.	int	1-9	(Empty)
connect.datalake.seek.max.files	Specifies the maximum threshold for the number of files the connector uses to ensure exactly-once processing of data.	int		5
connect.datalake.indexes.name	Configure the indexes root directory for this connector.	string		".indexes"
connect.datalake.exactly.once.enable	By setting to 'false', disable exactly-once semantics, opting instead for Kafka Connect’s native at-least-once offset management	boolean	true, false	true
connect.datalake.schema.change.rollover	When set to false, the file will not roll over upon receiving a record with a schema different from the accumulated ones. This is a performance optimization, intended only for cases where schema changes are backward-compatible.	boolean	true,false	true